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Shin splints
Shin splints, also known as medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS), is defined by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons as "pain along the inner edge of the shinbone (tibia)."〔http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00407〕 Shin splints are usually caused by repeated trauma to the connective muscle tissue surrounding the tibia. They are a common injury affecting athletes who engage in running sports or other forms of physical activity, including running and jumping. They are characterized by general pain in the lower region of the leg between the knee and the ankle. Shin splints injuries are specifically located in the middle to lower thirds of the inside or medial side of the tibia, which is the larger of two bones comprising the lower leg.
Shin splints are the most prevalent lower leg injury〔Yates, B., White, S. (2004). The incidence and risk factors in the development of medial tibial stress syndrome among naval recruits. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 32(3), 772–780.〕 and affect a broad range of individuals. It affects mostly runners and accounts for approximately 13% to 17% of all running-related injuries.〔Clement D., Taunton J., Smart G. (1981). "A survey of overuse running injuries". ''The Physician and Sports Medicine'' 9, 47–58.〕〔Cox J. S., Lenz H. W. (1984). Women midshipmen in sports. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 12(3), 241 – 243.〕 High school age runners see shin splints injury rates of approximately 13%.〔Bennett J. E.Reinking M. F., Pluemer B., et al. (2001). Factors contributing to the development of medial tibial stress syndrome in high school runners. This could cause pain along the shin. Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapies, 31, 504–510.〕 Aerobic dancers have also been known to suffer from shin splints, with injury rates as high as 22%.〔Taunton J. E., McKenzie D. C., Clement D. B. (1988). "The role of biomechanics in the epidemiology of injuries". ''Sports Medicine'', 6, 107–120.〕 Military personnel undergoing basic training experience shin splints injury rates between 4%-6.4%〔Almeida S., Trone D., Leone D., Shaffer R., et al. (1999) "Gender differences in musculoskeletal injury rates: A function of symptom reporting?". ''Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise'', 31, 1807–1812.〕 and 7.9%.〔Sharma, J., Golby, J., Greeves, J., Spears, I. (2011). "Biomechanical and lifestyle risk factors for medial tibial stress syndrome in army recruits: A prospective study". ''Gait & Posture'', 33,361-365).〕
==Signs and symptoms==
Shin splint pain is described as a recurring dull ache along the inner part of the lower two-thirds of the tibia.〔Carr, K., & Sevetson, E. (2008). How can you help athletes prevent and treat shin splints? Journal of Family Practice, 57(6), 406–408. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.〕 In contrast, stress fracture pain is localized to the fracture site.〔Edwards Jr., P. H., Wright, M. L., & Hartman, J. F. (2005). A Practical Approach for the Differential Diagnosis of Chronic Leg Pain in the Athlete.American Journal of Sports Medicine, 33(8), 1241–1249.〕
Biomechanically, over-pronation is the common cause for shin splints and action should be taken to offset the biomechanical irregularity.〔Sharma, J., Golby, J., Greeves, J., Spears, I. (2011). Biomechanical and lifestyle risk factors for medial tibial stress syndrome in army recruits: A prospective study. Gait & Posture, 33,361-365).〕 Pronation occurs when the ankle bone moves downward and towards the middle to create a more stable point of contact with the ground.〔Sommer, H. & Vallentyne, S. Effect of foot posture on the incidence of medial tibial stress syndrome. Medicine and Science in Sports & Exercise 1995; 800-804〕 In other words, the ankle rolls inwards so that more of the arch has contact with the ground. This abnormal movement causes muscles to fatigue more quickly and to be unable to absorb any shock from the foot hitting the ground.〔Yates, B., & White, S. The incidence and risk factors in the development of medial tibial stress syndrome among naval recruits. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 2004; 32.3: 772-780〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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